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Here is A White Faced Capuchin Monkey's
| Lifespan: |
35-45 years |
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| Length: |
Head + Body : 12-22 inches (30-55
cm)
Tail : 12-22 inches (30-56 cm) |
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| Weight: |
4-15 pounds (1.8-6.8kg).
Females are
usually smaller than
males | |
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Distinguishing
Characteristics: The body of
white-fronted capuchins varies from light to dark
brown. They have a dark brown wedge-shaped cap,
yellowish underparts, and a prehensile tail that is dark
at the base and light yellow at the tip.
Physical Characteristics:
Head and body length: 358-460mm (14.1-18.1in)
Tail length: 401-475mm (15.8-18.7in) Weight:
Female 1400-2228g (3.1-4.9lb) Male 1700-3260g
(3.7-7.2lb) Intermembral index: 82. Adult brain
weight: 82g (2.9oz).
Habitat: Primary
deciduous, gallery, mangrove, and flooded forest up to
2000m (6562ft).
Diet: Dry season -
fruit, 53%; seeds, 42%; nectar, 3%; pith, 1% animal
prey. Wet season - fruit, 99%. These
capuchins use 68 plant species. Half of the
animal prey is social insects: termites, ants, and wasp
larvae and pupae.
Life History Weaning:
9mo. Sexual maturity: Female 43.1mo Estrus
cycle: NA Gestation: 162d. Age 1st birth: 48mo
Birth interval: 18mo Life span: 44y.
Locomotion: Quadrupedal walking,
running, and jumping to 4m (13ft).
Social Structure: Multimale-multifemale
groups with fewer males than females. Home ranges
overlap greatly. Group size: 10-30. Home range:
200-300ha. Day range: 1850m (6070ft).
Behavior: Diurnal and arboreal.
White-fronted capuchins prefer the middle strata of the
forest (15-30m) (49-98ft) but forage on the ground up to
10% of the time. One male dominates the troop, and
social grooming involves mostly the alpha male or female
and the offspring. The dominant male's response to
an aerial predator is to hide and not give an alarm bark
until other males form a coalition to threaten the
predator. The alpha male is very aggressive to
other groups whenever 2 groups meet. Adult males
associate together and cooperatively defend their group,
whereas each female forages separately, avoiding other
adults. Feeding ecology influences male mating
strategy, aggression, and cooperation. Unlike
tufted capuchins (C.. apella), which get 63% of
their diet in small-crowned trees (<10m(<33ft) in
diameter), this species gets 50% of its diet in
large-crowned trees (<20m(66ft). A large patch
of food in a large-crowned tree cannot be monopolized,
so food-related aggression is rare. White-fronted
males mate promiscuously and cannot be certain of
paternity, so they do not come to the defense of a
juvenile when it squeals. Activity budget: Insect
foraging, 39% plant feeding, 22% travel, 21% rest,
18%. Association: This species associates
with tufted capuchins (C. apella) and displaces
them at fruit sources during the dry season. It
associates regularly with common squirrel monkeys
(Saimiri sciureus) and reportedly associates
with black-headed uacaris (Cacajao
melanocephalus). Mating: The dominant
male follows as estrous female and sniffs her urine.
Little male-male aggression is seen during
estrus. Scent marking: Marks are made by
rubbing the chest on branches.
Vocalizations: Loud vocalizations advertise a
troop's location, and other groups avoid the
area. Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela.
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Tufted or
Brown Capuchin
(Cebus
apella)
Information supplied by "The
Pictorial Guide to The Living
Primates
Taxonomy: Disputed. 10
subspecies. The yellow-breasted capuchin
( C. a. xanthosternos), which is included
with this species, was recently reconized as a
species, but little is known about its
behavior.
Distinguishing
Characteristics: The cap of tufted capuchins
is made of short, erect black hairs that may form
2 ridges or "tufts" on either side of the
crown. The shoulders are lighter than the
overall body color, which varies from light to
dark brown. The facial pattern varies with
the subspecies, except for the black
sideburns. The hands and feet are always
black. The prehensile tail is darkest at the
tip.
Physical Characteristics: Head
and body length: 350-488mm
(13.8-19.2in) Tail length: 375-488mm
(14.8-19.2in) Weight: Female: 1370-3400g
(3.0-7.5lb) Male: 1300-4800g
(2.9-10.6lb) Intermembral index: 82
Adult brain weight: 71g (2.5oz).
Habitat: Fruit, 66%; seeds,
25%; pith, 7%; nectar, 1%; animal prey, including
insects, birds, eggs, reptiles, bats, and mammals
up to 900g (32oz) in body weight. These
capuchins eat 96 species of fruit. The pith
of scheelea palm fronds is a keystone
food during the dry season when fruit is
scarce.
Life History: Infant:
6mo Weaning: 12mo Juvenile:
6-24mo Subadult: 24-42mo Sexual
maturity: Female: 84mo Male:
56mo Estrus cycle: 18d
Gestation: 149-158d Age 1st birth:
42mo Birth interval 22mo Life span 40y
Birth seasons Oct-Jan. Offspring 1.
Females have no estrous swelling.
Locomotion: Quadrupedal;
jumping to 3-4m (10-13ft).
Social Structure:
Multimale-multifemale groups with equal numbers of
males and females. One male is dominant to
all the others, and young males may form a
socially separate subgroup. Group size:
8-14. Home range: 25-40ha, to 355ha
Day range: 2000m (6562ft).
Behavior: Diurnal and
arboreal. Tufted capuchins are very
intelligent and curious. It has been
hypothesized that intelligence is related to the
way an animal searches for food. Searching
for hard-to-find foods that are available only for
a short time, such as insects and fruit, may
require a larger brain and more energy-rich foods
to maintain it. This species shows
submission by a genital display and raised
eyebrows. The alpha male responds to aerial
predators by giving loud barks and remaining
visible while the rest of the troop flees.
When 2 groups meet at a food tree, the dominant
male leads the attack; otherwise there is very
little intergroup aggression. The dominant
male rapidly comes to the defense of juveniles
that he has probably fathered, bu he is aggressive
to juvenile males born before his tenure in the
group. Capuchins have been reported to hunt
for and capture frogs that live in bamboo
stems. Captors of frogs rarely share their
prize food with infants or others in the
group. Allomothering is common.
Capuchins do not recognize themselves in a
mirror. These monkeys have been trained to
perform tasks for quadriplegics.
Associations: Tufted capuchins associate
with white-fronted capucins (C. albifrons)
are displaced by them at fruit sources during
the dry season. Tufted capuchins associate
with white-nosed bearded sakis (Chiropotes
albinasus), occassionally with buffy sakis
(Pithecia albicans), and reportedly with
black-headed uscaris (Cacajao
melanocephalus). Tufted capuchins are
often followed by a troop of common squirrel
monkeys (Saimiri sciureus).
Mating: During the first two-thirds of estrus,
females constantly follow and solicit the alpha
male by using distinct calls, facial expressions,
and postures. The male copulates only once
a day. In the last 2 days of estrus, the
dominant male "guards" the female from the
subordinate males. When he stops guarding,
the female copulates quickly with the other males
in the group. After mating, tufted
capuchins display a "reverse mount" in which the
"female mounts the male, clasping him around the
waist with her arms and riding his lower
back. Scent marking: Each individual
maintains olfactory identity by washing its palms
and feet in its own urine and scratching its
fur. Females may monitor male smell to
detect sexual maturity. Males do not
conspicuously monitor females.
Vocalizations: Alarms calls are given at the
sight of large raptors. In French Guiana
the harpy eagle's second most common prey is
capuchin monkeys. Sleeping site: Palm
trees are preferred. Northern and Central
South America.
A former
subspecies of C. apella, the yellow-breasted
capuchin (C. a. xanthosternos) was
proposed as a valid species in 1995. It is
critically
endangered. |
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WEEPER OR
WEDGE-CAPPED CAPUCHIN
(Cebus
olivaceus)
Information supplied by "The
Pictorial Guide to The Living
Primates
Taxonomy: Disputed. 5
subspecies. Until 1978 the name of this
species was C. nigrivittatus. In
1992 a new capuchin (C. kaapori) was
discovered and described in Brazil. It is
included here because little is known about its
behavior.
Distinguishing Characteristics:
Weeper capuchins have a tawny brown body,
yellowish shoulders and upper arms, and a brownish
yellow head with a V-shaped brown cap. The
prehensile tail is brown, and the back of the head
and neck is reddish.
Physical Characteristics: Head
and body length: 374-460mm (14.7-18.1in)
Tail Length: 400-554mm (15.7-21.8in) Weight:
Female: 2395g (5.3lb) Male: 2974g (6.6lb)
Intermembral index: N.A. Adult Brain weight:
80.8g (2.8oz) Females are born with an
elongated clitoris that looks similar to a penis,
and they have an os clitoris, a bone that is
similar to a baculum.
Habitat: Evergreen rain forest,
dry forest, and submontane forest up to 2000m
(6562ft).
Diet: Fruit, seeds, and animal
prey, including snails (32%) and social insects
(22%).
Life History: Infant: 12mo
Weaning: 24mo Juvenile: 24-72mo Subadult:
72-144mo, Sexual maturity: NA Estrus cycle:
NA Gestation: NA Age 1st birth: 72mo Birth
interval: 12-24mo Life span: NA
Year-round. Birth peak:
May-Jun.
Locomotion: Quadrupedal walking,
running, and jumping to 3m (10ft).
Social Structure: Multimale-Multifemale
groups with only 1 breeding male. Male
hierarchical rank is by age and size. Female
rank is matrilineal.
Emigration: Males emigrate as
early as age 2. Group ranges overlap, but
intergroup interactions are avoided. Groups
size: 10-33. Home range: NA Day range: 2300m
(7546ft).
Behavior: Diurnal and
arboreal. Weeper capuchins forage on the
ground (14.5%) and in the canopy. The
activity budgets of females in small groups (16)
are different in different seasons, unlike the
activity budgets of females in large groups (32),
which do not vary. During the wet season,
small groups spend a high percentage of time
traveling and gathering food, with little
rest. In the dry season, food gathering time
is the same, but they travel much less and rest
more. The larger groups have priority
access to small food patches, so smaller groups,
which are displaced, must conserve energy.
Females in large groups have higher fecundity and
higher expected lifetime reproductive success than
females in small groups. "High ranking
females may have an earlier age of first
reproduction and a slightly shorter interbirth
interval." The benefit of kinship appear(s)
to be a reduction is aggression rather than
increased affiliation. Aggression displays
including bouncing and branch shaking.
Social play among juveniles takes place when the
adults are resting. Subordinates "grin" in
the presence of a dominant to appease and promote
contact. Allomothering has been
reported.
Association: Weeper capuchins
have an agonistic relationship with red howlers
(Alouatta seniculus) when they meet in
the same fig tree. Scent Marking:
Urine washing. Vocalizations: 12. The common
name "weeper" comes from the plaintive quality on
one of the contact vocalizations. This
species has 3 spacing calls - huh to
maintain distance between individuals,
arrawks to decrease distance, and
hehs to increase distance. They
originate from: Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname,
Brazil, Venezuela,
Columbia | |
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